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Chudamani, a small town in Odisha’s Bhadrak district, occupies a relatively low-lying position within the fertile coastal plains of eastern India. Located at 21.1379°N, 86.7794°E, its geography is defined by the alluvial deposits of the Brahmani and Baitarani river systems, which dominate the surrounding landscape. The terrain is predominantly flat, gently sloping towards the Bay of Bengal, approximately 25 kilometers to the east. This proximity to the coast introduces a constant influx of humid air and influences local weather patterns. While not directly within a major industrial belt, Chudamani is situated within a region experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, particularly rice cultivation, and small-scale brick kilns are present in the surrounding areas. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the town itself is compact, quickly giving way to agricultural fields and mangrove forests closer to the coast. This geographical setting, combined with the regional climate, creates conditions conducive to the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions. The lack of significant topographical features to disperse emissions exacerbates the issue, making Chudamani vulnerable to localised air quality degradation. The surrounding landscape offers limited natural air purification capacity.

Chudamani’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by the monsoon cycle. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to a build-up of dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities and local construction. This period sees increased respiratory complaints. The arrival of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon also introduces dampness, fostering mould growth which can affect indoor air quality. Post-monsoon, from September to November, sees a gradual deterioration as agricultural burning increases following the harvest, contributing to smoke and haze. Winter, from December to February, often experiences temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and leading to poor air quality, particularly in the mornings. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during March-May and December-February. Avoiding peak hours and wearing masks can offer some protection. Monitoring local weather reports for wind conditions is advisable.