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Keonjhargarh, nestled in the mineral-rich landscape of Odisha, India, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 21.63°N, 85.58°E, the city sits within a gently undulating terrain, characterized by laterite soils and scattered rocky outcrops – a legacy of ancient weathering processes. Its elevation, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributes to relatively stable atmospheric conditions, particularly during certain times of the year. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dry deciduous forests, interspersed with small agricultural plots cultivating primarily rice and pulses, and increasingly, mining operations focused on iron ore and bauxite. This proximity to mining activities is a crucial factor in understanding the city’s air quality challenges. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural fields and forested areas bordering the city limits. While Keonjhargarh lacks direct access to major rivers, it benefits from seasonal streams that contribute to localized humidity. The regional position, within a broader industrial belt extending towards the coast, means that Keonjhargarh can experience the advection of pollutants from distant sources. The prevailing wind patterns, generally from the east during the monsoon and shifting towards the west during the dry season, dictate the dispersal (or concentration) of airborne contaminants. The relatively flat topography limits vertical mixing, potentially trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially under stable atmospheric conditions. The presence of dust from mining and agricultural practices, combined with industrial emissions, creates a complex interplay affecting air quality.

Keonjhargarh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of monsoonal influences and regional weather systems. The monsoon season (roughly June to September) typically brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that help disperse pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust resuspension, temporarily impacting air quality. The pre-monsoon period (March to May) is often the most challenging, characterized by high temperatures, low humidity, and stagnant air. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the effects of dust from agricultural activities and mining. The dry season (November to February) presents a mixed picture. While temperatures are generally moderate, the lack of rainfall and frequent fog events can lead to a build-up of particulate matter. Fog, particularly prevalent in December and January, significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating localized air quality concerns. During these months, sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion, especially during early morning hours. The agricultural cycle, with burning of crop residue after harvest, can also contribute to localized pollution spikes. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual improvement as winds pick up and rainfall decreases, but lingering humidity can still affect air quality. Overall, minimizing exposure during the pre-monsoon and dry season months is advisable, and awareness of local dust conditions is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.