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Khallikot, a small town in Odisha, India, is situated at approximately 19.6091°N latitude and 85.0861°E longitude. Nestled within the Eastern Ghats region, the terrain surrounding Khallikot is predominantly undulating, characterised by low hills and plateaus. The town’s elevation, while not substantial, contributes to localised weather patterns. Khallikot benefits from proximity to the Rushikulya River, a vital waterway that influences humidity and potentially traps pollutants during temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily rice paddies – and patches of deciduous forest. While not a major industrial hub itself, Khallikot’s air quality is influenced by regional industrial activity concentrated further north along the coast, particularly around Paradip port. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the town is a relatively concentrated settlement amidst a largely agrarian hinterland. This creates a situation where biomass burning from agricultural practices, particularly post-harvest, significantly impacts local air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction also contributes to particulate matter levels. The geographical setting, therefore, predisposes Khallikot to specific pollution challenges linked to both natural processes and human activities. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective air quality management.

Khallikot experiences a distinct tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating dramatically between the dry and wet seasons. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures and stagnant air create conditions for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Dust from agricultural activities and construction exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. The arrival of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increases humidity, suppressing dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to reduced dispersion of pollutants. Post-monsoon, from September to November, sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as agricultural burning intensifies after the harvest. December to February are generally the most favourable months, with cooler temperatures, higher wind speeds, and lower humidity aiding pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, increased humidity can trigger respiratory issues. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times is advisable.