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Khariāl, nestled within the eastern Indian state of Odisha, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 20.2885°N latitude and 82.7606°E longitude, the town occupies a relatively low-lying area within the broader plains of the Mahanadi River delta. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rice paddies and small-scale farming, transitioning to forested hills as one moves westward towards the Eastern Ghats. This proximity to agricultural land introduces potential sources of particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer use. While not directly on the coast, Khariāl is within reach of coastal influences, experiencing moderate humidity levels. The terrain is generally flat, which can contribute to the stagnation of air masses and the build-up of pollutants, particularly during calmer weather conditions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; Khariāl itself is a relatively small town, but is connected to larger regional centres, and experiences increased traffic and localised industrial activity related to agricultural processing. The lack of significant topographical features to disperse pollutants exacerbates the impact of local emission sources. Understanding this interplay of factors is crucial for addressing air quality challenges in Khariāl.

Khariāl’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Odisha’s tropical monsoon climate. The post-monsoon season (October-November) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, but this is followed by a deterioration in air quality during the winter months (December-February). Cooler temperatures lead to increased use of biomass for heating and cooking, contributing to higher particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) is typically the worst period, with rising temperatures and dry conditions exacerbating dust and agricultural burning emissions. The onset of the southwest monsoon (June-September) brings significant relief, as heavy rainfall effectively cleanses the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and winter months is advisable. Monitoring local weather patterns and being mindful of agricultural practices are key to protecting health. The monsoon season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but vigilance regarding waterborne diseases is still necessary.