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Khurda, a city in the eastern Indian state of Odisha, occupies a relatively flat, coastal plain landscape. Situated at coordinates 20.1800°N, 85.6200°E, its elevation is modest, averaging around 47 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The city’s position within the Mahanadi River delta region is significant; while not directly on the coast, it’s influenced by the coastal climate and experiences high humidity. Khurda is strategically located along major transportation corridors, including the National Highway 16 and railway lines, making it a crucial logistical hub. This connectivity, however, also means increased vehicular emissions. Surrounding Khurda are predominantly agricultural lands, particularly rice paddies, and pockets of light industrial activity related to food processing and construction materials. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with rapid urbanisation occurring around the city core. The proximity to the Chilika Lake, a brackish water lagoon, doesn’t offer significant air purification benefits due to prevailing wind patterns often directing pollutants *away* from the lake, rather than towards it. The regional climate is tropical monsoon, influencing pollution concentration and dispersion patterns throughout the year. The city’s growth, coupled with these geographical factors, presents unique challenges for maintaining acceptable air quality.

Khurda’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon weather systems. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter from dust, construction, and vehicular sources. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. The arrival of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity aids in settling dust. However, localised flooding can exacerbate mould growth, impacting indoor air quality. Post-monsoon, from September to November, sees a gradual deterioration as agricultural burning increases, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants. Winter months (December-February) experience cooler temperatures and often foggy conditions, which can trap pollutants, though wind speeds are generally higher than in the pre-monsoon season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during March-May and September-November. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using masks when outdoors are recommended. Monitoring local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.