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Nāyagarh, nestled in the coastal plains of Odisha, India, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates 20.1288°N, 85.0963°E, the city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the eastern Indian plains, with a gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal approximately 25km to the east. This proximity to the coast introduces a constant influx of humid air and potential for saline aerosols. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily rice paddies – and patches of deciduous forests in the foothills of the Eastern Ghats, which begin to rise further inland. Nāyagarh’s position within the Mahanadi River delta also contributes to the local climate and potential for localised humidity-related pollution. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale brick kilns and rice mills within and around the city contribute to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from densely populated areas to agricultural fields. This proximity of agricultural practices, including seasonal crop burning, directly impacts air quality, particularly during post-harvest periods. The relatively low elevation exacerbates the trapping of pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions.

Nāyagarh experiences a distinct tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly between the monsoon and dry seasons. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a gradual deterioration as the monsoon retreats, with calmer winds and temperature inversions trapping pollutants. This period often experiences a build-up of agricultural residue burning smoke. December-February represents the driest and often most polluted period. Lower temperatures lead to increased use of biomass for heating and cooking, while stable atmospheric conditions prevent dispersion. Fog formation further exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. March-May witnesses rising temperatures and pre-monsoon thunderstorms, offering intermittent relief but also contributing to dust storms. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during December-February and periods of agricultural burning. Avoiding peak hours near roadways is also advisable. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding mold and humidity is necessary.