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Nīlgiri, nestled in the state of Odisha, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the Eastern Ghats. Located at coordinates 21.6466, 86.9199, this small town of approximately 19,479 residents is characterized by undulating terrain and a relatively low elevation, contributing to localized air stagnation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, dominated by agricultural lands – primarily rice paddies and cashew plantations – and interspersed with patches of deciduous forest. Nīlgiri isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the broader catchment area of the Brahmani River system. While not a heavily industrialized zone itself, its proximity to larger industrial hubs in Angul and Jharsuguda means it can experience transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the town centre is relatively compact, quickly giving way to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application. The topography, with its gentle hills, can trap pollutants during periods of calm winds, exacerbating air quality issues. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities also contributes to localized particulate pollution, particularly during the drier months. Understanding this interplay of factors is crucial for effective air quality management in Nīlgiri.

Nīlgiri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by the monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures and stagnant air create conditions for dust suspension and the build-up of pollutants from local sources. Agricultural burning, preparing fields for the monsoon sowing, significantly worsens particulate matter levels. The arrival of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increases humidity, suppressing dust. However, increased moisture can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon, from October to November, sees a gradual deterioration as winds weaken and temperatures drop, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. December to February are generally the months with the best air quality, characterized by cooler temperatures and moderate winds. However, fog can form during these months, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are key to protecting health.