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Sonabedha, nestled in the state of Odisha, India (coordinates 18.7300°N, 82.8300°E), is a municipality situated within the Koraput district. The town’s geography is defined by the Eastern Ghats, a rugged and ancient mountain range, contributing to a varied terrain of hills and valleys. With a population of approximately 58,647, Sonabedha occupies a relatively high elevation for the region, influencing local wind patterns and atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly forested, transitioning into agricultural lands primarily focused on rice and millet cultivation. The nearby rivers, including the Kolab, play a crucial role in the local ecosystem but also contribute to humidity levels. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the increasing mining activity in the Koraput district, particularly bauxite mining, poses a growing threat to air quality. Sonabedha experiences a distinct urban-rural gradient, with the town centre exhibiting higher population density and associated emissions compared to the surrounding villages. This gradient, coupled with the topographical features, can lead to localised pollution hotspots, particularly during calmer weather conditions. The town’s location within a valley can also exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, impacting air circulation and overall air quality.

Sonabedha’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a gradual decline in air quality as the monsoon retreats and agricultural burning increases, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants. This period often experiences stagnant air conditions, exacerbating the problem. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality, with cooler temperatures leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds further contribute to this stagnation. March-May brings rising temperatures and drier conditions, increasing dust levels and the risk of wildfires, again impacting air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and post-monsoon months. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times, often in the early morning and evening, is advisable. The pre-monsoon showers in May-June offer a brief respite before the cycle begins anew.