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Jaisalmer, the 'Golden City' of Rajasthan, occupies a dramatic and geographically defining position within the Thar Desert. Located at approximately 26.91°N, 70.92°E and an elevation of roughly 762 meters (2,500 feet) above sea level, its urban form is inextricably linked to the surrounding arid landscape. The city is cradled by colossal sand dunes, part of the vast expanse of the Thar, which significantly influences local wind patterns and dust deposition. The terrain is predominantly sandy and rocky, with limited surface water; the nearest substantial water body is the Gadsisar Lake, a man-made reservoir crucial for local water supply and a minor influence on humidity. Jaisalmer’s regional position is remote, far from major industrial belts, though agricultural activity in the surrounding areas, primarily focused on drought-resistant crops like bajra and guar, contributes to seasonal dust and occasional biomass burning. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; the city transitions rapidly from its fortified core to sparsely populated desert villages. This isolation, while preserving its unique cultural heritage, also means Jaisalmer is less exposed to large-scale industrial pollution but highly vulnerable to desertification processes and dust storms. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west, carry fine sand particles across the desert, impacting air quality and visibility. The city’s sandstone architecture, while aesthetically striking, also contributes to particulate matter through weathering and erosion, further complicating the air quality profile. The lack of significant vegetation cover exacerbates dust issues.

Jaisalmer’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s arid climate and meteorological conditions. The dominant influence is the monsoon season (July-September), which brings sporadic rainfall and a temporary respite from dust. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can trap pollutants and create stagnant air conditions, particularly in the immediate aftermath of rainfall. The pre-monsoon months (March-June) are typically the most challenging, characterized by intense heat, low humidity, and frequent dust storms. Strong, hot winds, known as 'loo,' exacerbate the problem, lifting vast quantities of sand and dust into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. The winter months (October-December) offer the most favourable conditions, with cooler temperatures, relatively calmer winds, and increased humidity, leading to improved air quality. However, fog, particularly in December and January, can significantly reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The agricultural cycle also plays a role; post-harvest burning of crop residue, though limited compared to other regions of India, can contribute to localized pollution spikes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon months, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust storm periods and avoiding strenuous exertion. Maintaining hydration and using appropriate respiratory protection are recommended. During foggy periods, visibility is severely reduced, increasing the risk of accidents and impacting overall health due to trapped pollutants.