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Māndalgarh, nestled in the southeastern part of Rajasthan, India, occupies a unique geographic position within a landscape dominated by the Hadoti plateau. Located at approximately 25.2000°N latitude and 75.1000°E longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 300 meters above sea level. This positioning influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding terrain is characterised by undulating hills and sparse vegetation, typical of the semi-arid region. The Chambal River flows relatively close by, though not directly adjacent to the urban centre, offering some limited influence on local humidity. Māndalgarh is primarily an agricultural town, surrounded by farmland cultivating crops like wheat, barley, and cotton. While not a major industrial hub itself, its proximity to larger industrial areas in Rajasthan contributes to regional background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the immediate surroundings are largely rural and agricultural. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads is a significant factor, exacerbated by the region’s arid climate. The topography, with its gentle slopes, doesn’t promote significant air dispersion, potentially leading to localised pollutant build-up, particularly during calm weather conditions. This combination of factors creates a specific air quality profile for Māndalgarh.

Māndalgarh experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. The winter months (November to February) often see the poorest air quality. Cool temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, combined with increased use of solid fuels for heating. Fog can further exacerbate this, reducing visibility and pollutant dispersion. March and April bring warmer temperatures and increased wind speeds, offering some relief, but dust storms are common, significantly raising particulate matter levels. The pre-monsoon season (May-June) is characterised by intense heat and dry winds, leading to increased dust suspension and a deterioration in air quality. The monsoon season (July-September) generally provides the cleanest air, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, localised flooding can disrupt drainage and contribute to stagnant water, potentially fostering microbial growth. October sees a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures, and a gradual return to drier conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and dust storm periods. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are crucial for maintaining health. The monsoon offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.