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Palsāna, nestled in the heart of Rajasthan, India (27.5121° N, 75.3260° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Shekhawati region, known for its historical merchant towns and distinctive architecture. The town’s elevation, approximately 450 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively dry climate and influences local air circulation patterns. Palsāna is surrounded by a predominantly arid landscape characterized by the Thar Desert’s fringes – a mosaic of scrubland, sparsely vegetated plains, and agricultural fields reliant on monsoon rainfall and groundwater irrigation. The urban character of Palsāna is that of a small, traditional town, with a predominantly residential and agricultural economy. While not directly adjacent to major rivers or lakes, the town’s proximity to seasonal streams and the occasional well impacts local humidity levels, which can affect particulate matter dispersion. The surrounding region exhibits a gradual urban–rural gradient, with larger industrial hubs and population centers located further east towards Jaipur. Agricultural practices, including crop residue burning after harvest, represent a significant potential source of localized air pollution. The terrain is generally flat, which can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The lack of significant topographical barriers limits the natural dispersal of airborne contaminants, making Palsāna susceptible to episodes of poor air quality, especially when combined with unfavorable meteorological conditions. The town’s location within a broader agricultural belt means it is influenced by regional pollution sources, including dust storms originating from the Thar Desert.

Palsāna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality, characterized by rising temperatures and decreasing humidity. This period often sees increased dust intrusion from the Thar Desert, exacerbated by strong winds and frequent dust storms. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their impact. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall washing away particulate matter and higher humidity reducing dust levels. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from waterlogged areas. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, often accompanied by agricultural burning as farmers clear crop residue, significantly contributing to elevated levels of smoke and particulate matter. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler with calmer winds, which can lead to stagnant air and the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of fog. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes. The months of November and May are particularly challenging. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial during these periods. Awareness campaigns promoting responsible agricultural practices and reducing dust generation are crucial for mitigating air pollution’s impact on public health.