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Pokaran, nestled in the arid landscape of Rajasthan, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Thar Desert. Located at 26.92°N latitude and 71.92°E longitude, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 285 meters (935 feet). This relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the desert region, contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by sand dunes and scrubland, with sparse vegetation offering minimal filtration of airborne particles. Pokaran’s urban character is defined by its historical fort and a predominantly agricultural economy, though the region also experiences some activity related to the nearby Pokhran nuclear test range. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the city itself is a concentrated settlement amidst a vast, sparsely populated rural expanse. The lack of significant bodies of water nearby – the closest being intermittent streams and rainwater harvesting structures – means there’s no moderating influence on temperature or humidity, exacerbating dust suspension. While not a major industrial hub, localised brick kilns and agricultural practices, including seasonal crop burning, contribute to particulate matter emissions. The prevailing winds, often carrying dust from the desert interior, further impact local air quality, making Pokaran particularly vulnerable to airborne pollutants.

Pokaran’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s harsh climate. The summer months (April-June) witness extremely high temperatures and strong, dry winds, leading to significant dust storms and elevated particulate matter concentrations. This is a period to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The monsoon season (July-September) brings temporary relief, with rainfall suppressing dust and washing pollutants from the air. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially triggering allergic reactions. October-November sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with moderate temperatures and relatively clearer air – a favourable time for outdoor pursuits. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures but also a greater risk of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog, though infrequent, can exacerbate this effect. During this period, vulnerable populations – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit exposure to outdoor air, especially during calm mornings and evenings. Agricultural burning post-harvest in November and December can also cause localised spikes in pollution. Overall, the monsoon offers the best air quality, while summer presents the greatest challenges.