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Shri Mahāvīrji, nestled in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, India, occupies a geographically significant position within a predominantly arid landscape. Located at approximately 26.68°N, 76.91°E and an elevation of around 450 meters (1,476 feet) above sea level, the town’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Thar Desert’s fringes. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of scrubland, sparsely vegetated grasslands, and agricultural fields, primarily cultivating rain-fed crops like millet and guar. The urban character of Shri Mahāvīrji is distinctly rural, reflecting its status as a pilgrimage site and a small town rather than a major industrial hub. While no major rivers flow directly through the town, it benefits from groundwater resources, supporting agricultural activities in the vicinity. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town itself is compact, surrounded by a wider agricultural zone. This proximity to agricultural lands, while vital for the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, particularly after the harvest season. The regional position, far from major industrial belts, initially suggests cleaner air, but the prevailing winds from the west can carry pollutants from distant sources. The relatively flat terrain can also exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, especially during periods of temperature inversion, hindering vertical dispersion. The lack of significant natural barriers means the town is exposed to dust storms common in the region, further impacting air quality.

Shri Mahāvīrji’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns. The dry, winter months (November to February) typically see the poorest air quality. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the impact of dust storms originating from the Thar Desert. Agricultural practices, specifically the burning of crop residue after the harvest, significantly contribute to particulate matter pollution during these months. The cooler temperatures also lead to increased domestic burning of biomass for heating, further degrading air quality. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. However, dust storms remain a concern. The monsoon season (June-September) offers a period of respite, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds facilitating dispersion. Humidity also increases, which can affect respiratory comfort. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a brief return to relatively cleaner air before the onset of winter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. During dust storm events, wearing masks and staying indoors is advisable. The agricultural cycle dictates that late October and November are periods to be particularly mindful of, due to potential crop residue burning. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also be beneficial, especially during periods of elevated pollution.