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Rudarpur, nestled in the fertile plains of Uttarakhand, India, occupies a strategically important position within the Terai region, a vast alluvial plain bordering the foothills of the Himalayas. Located at approximately 28.98°N, 79.40°E and an elevation of roughly 287 meters (942 feet) above sea level, the city’s geography is dominated by flat, agricultural land intersected by canals and rivers, notably the Gola River. This low-lying terrain, characteristic of the Terai, significantly influences Rudarpur’s air quality. The surrounding landscape is a patchwork of sugarcane fields, rice paddies, and smaller vegetable farms, creating a strong agricultural zone. To the north, the Shivalik Hills rise gradually, acting as a partial barrier to wind flow and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Rudarpur transitions quickly from a concentrated urban core to surrounding agricultural areas. The city’s proximity to industrial zones in nearby areas like Kashipur contributes to localized pollution sources. The flat topography limits dispersion of pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed. Furthermore, the region's humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and monsoon rains, impacts atmospheric stability and the formation of fog, which can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping particulate matter. The Gola River, while providing irrigation, can also be a source of localized odour and potentially contribute to volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from agricultural practices.

Rudarpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its humid subtropical climate and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures lead to increased agricultural burning of crop residue – primarily sugarcane – a major source of particulate matter and noxious gases. Stagnant air conditions, often associated with temperature inversions, further trap these pollutants close to the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and strong winds disperse pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from decomposing organic matter, a potent greenhouse gas. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as agricultural activity resumes, though generally less intense than the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, particularly in the mornings. This fog traps pollutants, reducing visibility and increasing exposure to fine particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially when fog is present. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable during the burning season and should utilize respiratory protection. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also provide some relief. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the city’s geographic location creates a complex interplay influencing Rudarpur’s air quality throughout the year.