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Oshnavīyeh, nestled within the Āz̄arbāyjān-e Gharbī province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the northwestern part of the country. Located at coordinates 37.0364, 45.0956, the city sits within a mountainous terrain, part of the broader Zagros mountain range. Its elevation, approximately 1330 meters (4364 feet) above sea level, influences local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills, agricultural lands, and sparse vegetation, typical of the semi-arid climate. Oshnavīyeh isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams traverse the region, originating from the higher elevations. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; the city itself is relatively compact, quickly transitioning into agricultural fields and then more rugged mountainous areas. While not a major industrial hub, the region supports agricultural activity, including wheat and barley farming, and some small-scale processing. This agricultural activity, alongside potential dust storms originating from the surrounding arid lands, contributes to particulate matter in the air. The city’s location within a valley can also exacerbate pollution, trapping emissions during periods of calm weather. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on the season and atmospheric conditions. Understanding this interplay between topography, land use, and meteorology is vital for assessing Oshnavīyeh’s air quality.

Oshnavīyeh experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, but agricultural burning for land preparation can cause localised spikes in particulate matter. Summers (June-August) are typically dry and hot, with stable atmospheric conditions leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early morning. Dust storms, originating from the arid regions to the west and south, are also common during these months, significantly degrading air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual cooling and increased precipitation, generally improving air quality, though occasional stagnant air masses can still lead to pollution build-up. Winters (December-February) are cold and often feature snowfall. Heating demands increase dramatically, with widespread use of fossil fuels for residential heating, contributing to elevated levels of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these periods. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; westerly winds can bring cleaner air, while easterly winds often carry pollutants from more industrialised areas further east. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution times, and using air purifiers indoors, are recommended.