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Sardasht, nestled in the northwestern Iranian province of Āz̄arbāyjān-e Gharbī, occupies a challenging geographical position within the Zagros Mountains. Situated at coordinates 36.1553°N, 45.4800°E, the city’s elevation contributes to a cooler climate and influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged, semi-arid mountains and valleys, creating a complex terrain that can trap pollutants. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city lies within a region fed by mountain snowmelt, impacting local humidity and potential for dust storms. Sardasht’s economy is largely agricultural, with farming concentrated in the valleys, and some limited local industry. The urban-rural gradient is steep; the city itself is relatively compact, quickly giving way to sparsely populated rural areas and extensive rangeland. This proximity to agricultural land introduces potential sources of particulate matter from farming activities, including tilling and harvesting. The mountainous terrain restricts air flow, exacerbating pollution episodes, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The city’s location along regional transport routes also contributes to vehicular emissions. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Sardasht.

Sardasht experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) often sees a surge in particulate matter due to dust storms originating from the surrounding arid and semi-arid regions, exacerbated by increased wind activity and thawing snow. Summers (June-August) are generally drier with clearer skies, offering a temporary respite, though high temperatures can promote ozone formation. However, agricultural activities like harvesting contribute to localised dust. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of dust and potential for temperature inversions as temperatures cool, trapping pollutants in the valley. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cold temperatures and often stagnant air masses, leading to increased concentrations of pollutants from domestic heating – primarily wood and kerosene – and vehicle emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during spring dust storms and winter heating seasons. Months of June and July generally offer the most favourable air quality. Fog can also occur during colder months, further reducing visibility and potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. Monitoring wind patterns and temperature inversions is vital for predicting pollution episodes.