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Āz̄arshahr, nestled within Āz̄arbāyjān-e Sharqī province in northwestern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within a broad valley. The city’s coordinates (37.7628° N, 45.9758° E) place it amidst a landscape dominated by the foothills of the Alborz Mountains, contributing to a varied terrain of gently sloping plains and rising elevations. Āz̄arshahr’s elevation, approximately 1350 meters above sea level, influences its climate and atmospheric conditions. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city benefits from proximity to seasonal rivers and groundwater resources vital for agriculture. The surrounding region is characterised by a mix of agricultural land – primarily focused on dryland farming and orchards – and emerging industrial activity concentrated around Tabriz, the provincial capital, located a short distance to the northeast. This proximity to industrial zones is a key factor influencing air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the city limits. Topography plays a crucial role; the valley’s configuration can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality issues. Dust storms originating from the western and southern deserts also contribute to particulate matter concentrations, impacting the city’s air.

Āz̄arshahr experiences a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) brings moderate temperatures and increased rainfall, temporarily improving air quality by washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural burning during this period can introduce localised smoke. Summers (June-August) are hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and infrequent rainfall leading to a build-up of pollutants from vehicle emissions and industrial sources. July and August are typically the worst months for air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling and increased precipitation, again offering some relief, but temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is cold and often foggy, with reduced sunlight and increased reliance on heating fuels – particularly coal and wood – significantly worsening air quality. January and February are often the most polluted months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these peak pollution periods. Wind patterns, generally from the west, can transport pollutants from regional sources. Monitoring meteorological conditions is crucial for predicting and mitigating air quality episodes.