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Tabrīz, the capital of East Azerbaijan Province in northwestern Iran, occupies a strategic position in the Azerbaijan region of West Asia, nestled within a valley surrounded by mountains including the volcanic Mount Sahand to the south and the Eynali and Daryan ranges to the north. Situated at an elevation of approximately 1,350 meters above sea level, this high-altitude urban centre experiences a continental climate that significantly influences its air quality dynamics. The city lies on the banks of the Aji Chay River, though this water body is seasonal and often polluted, contributing minimally to atmospheric cleansing. Tabrīz's geography creates a natural basin effect, where surrounding mountains trap air pollutants, exacerbating stagnation during periods of low wind. The urban area blends into agricultural zones in the surrounding plains, particularly for fruit orchards and grain cultivation, while industrial activities—including manufacturing, petrochemicals, and vehicle emissions—concentrate in the city and its outskirts. This urban-rural gradient sees pollution levels diminish toward the mountainous hinterlands, but the valley setting means that even rural emissions can accumulate over the city. Proximity to major transport routes, including roads connecting Iran to Turkey, adds vehicular pollution, while the lack of large water bodies like seas or major lakes limits natural ventilation, making geographic context a key determinant of Tabrīz's air quality challenges.

In Tabrīz, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its continental climate and geographic setting. Winter, particularly from December to February, brings the worst pollution as cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, compounded by increased heating emissions from residential and industrial sources. Sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions should limit outdoor activities during these months, especially on calm, foggy days. Spring, from March to May, sees gradual improvement with rising temperatures and more frequent winds that disperse pollutants, though occasional dust storms from surrounding arid areas can cause temporary spikes—April and May are generally favourable for outdoor pursuits. Summer, from June to August, offers the cleanest air due to strong thermal convection and prevailing winds that ventilate the valley, making it the optimal season for outdoor activities despite high temperatures. Autumn, from September to November, marks a transition as cooling temperatures and reduced wind speeds allow pollutants to accumulate again, with October and November showing deteriorating conditions. Throughout the year, weather hazards like fog in winter and dust in spring can exacerbate pollution episodes, requiring residents to monitor local air quality advisories and plan activities accordingly.