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Malekān, nestled within Āz̄arbāyjān-e Sharqī province in northwestern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position. Located at coordinates 37.1428° N, 46.1053° E, the city sits amidst a rugged, mountainous terrain characteristic of the broader Iranian plateau. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, influencing local wind patterns and creating natural barriers to air circulation. Malekān’s elevation, approximately 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures and potential for temperature inversions, a key factor in trapping pollutants. The city is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams originating from the mountains traverse the region. While historically an agricultural area, the surrounding zones are experiencing increasing industrial development, particularly related to food processing and light manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means agricultural practices, including seasonal burning of crop residue, can significantly impact local air quality. The city’s location within a valley further exacerbates the potential for pollutant accumulation, limiting dispersion and increasing exposure for residents. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for addressing Malekān’s air quality challenges.

Malekān experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) often sees a deterioration in air quality due to increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting, coupled with dust storms originating from regional arid lands. Summer (June-August) typically offers some respite, with higher temperatures promoting better atmospheric mixing and dispersal of pollutants, though dry conditions can exacerbate dust. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Temperature inversions become frequent as cooler air settles in the valley, trapping pollutants from domestic heating (wood and coal) and industrial sources. Wind speeds are generally lower, further hindering dispersion. Winter (December-February) continues the trend of poor air quality, with heavy reliance on fossil fuels for heating intensifying particulate matter and sulfur dioxide concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally June-August, but even then, monitoring conditions is advised. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also trap pollutants at ground level, increasing exposure.