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Oskū, nestled within the Āz̄arbāyjān-e Sharqī province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the northwest of the country. Located at coordinates 37.9161° N, 46.1244° E, the city sits within a mountainous region, part of the broader Alborz mountain range foothills. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, with an elevation contributing to cooler temperatures and potential for temperature inversions. Oskū’s surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of wheat, barley, and fruit orchards. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning of agricultural waste. The city’s relatively small population of approximately 18,459 suggests a strong urban-rural gradient, with surrounding villages and farmland directly influencing air quality. While not immediately adjacent to a major body of water, the region experiences seasonal snowmelt contributing to localized humidity. The absence of large-scale heavy industry *within* Oskū itself doesn’t preclude the influence of regional industrial emissions transported by prevailing winds. The city’s location within a valley can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues during periods of calm weather. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Oskū.

Oskū experiences a continental climate with distinct seasons that profoundly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) brings increased agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from field preparation and potential burning. Winds are often variable, sometimes dispersing pollutants, other times trapping them in the valley. Summers (June-August) are generally drier and hotter, with stable atmospheric conditions that can worsen air quality if regional wildfires occur. Temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of agricultural burning as harvests conclude, again elevating particulate matter levels. This is often the period of poorest air quality. Winters (December-February) are cold and snowy, with reduced agricultural activity. However, increased reliance on solid fuel for heating – wood and coal – becomes a significant source of indoor and outdoor air pollution, particularly PM2.5. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during autumn and winter. Spring can be favourable, but monitoring conditions is essential. Fog can also contribute to pollutant concentration during colder months. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor activity are October and November, while April and May generally offer better conditions.