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Sardrūd, nestled in the Āz̄arbāyjān-e Sharqī province of Iran, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 38.0267° N, 46.1528° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a typical feature of the broader Iranian Highlands. Situated near the border with Azerbaijan, Sardrūd benefits from a strategic location along historical trade routes, contributing to its development as a regional hub. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily wheat and barley cultivation – interspersed with pockets of deciduous forests and grazing pastures. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small villages and agricultural fields bordering the city limits. Elevation plays a significant role; Sardrūd sits at an altitude of around 1350 meters (4430 feet) above sea level, which can exacerbate air quality issues. The higher elevation often leads to temperature inversions, particularly during the colder months, trapping pollutants near the ground. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city draws water from local springs and groundwater sources, influencing regional humidity levels. Downwind of industrial zones located further west within the province, Sardrūd can experience transported pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, can carry industrial emissions and agricultural dust into the city, impacting air quality and visibility.

Sardrūd’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and regional meteorological influences. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses frequently settle over the region, creating stable atmospheric conditions and promoting temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants released from residential heating (often utilizing solid fuels), agricultural activities (burning crop residue), and industrial sources, leading to periods of reduced air quality. Fog is also common during these months, further hindering pollutant dispersion. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, helping to ventilate the atmosphere. However, dust storms originating from the central Iranian deserts can impact air quality during this transition period. Summers (June-August) are generally the most favourable, with warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and increased convective mixing, which effectively disperses pollutants. Agricultural activity is at its peak, but irrigation practices can increase humidity. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more stable conditions as temperatures cool, and the risk of temperature inversions increases again, though typically less severe than in winter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor exertion during periods of reduced visibility or noticeable odour. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Agricultural workers should be mindful of dust exposure during spring and autumn.