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Shabestar, nestled in the Āz̄arbāyjān-e Sharqī province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader East Azerbaijan region. Located at coordinates 38.1800° N, 45.7031° E, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate and influencing air dispersion patterns. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and plains, typical of the Iranian plateau. Shabestar isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though it benefits from seasonal snowmelt from the mountains to the north and east. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact with a population of around 22,181, quickly transitioning to agricultural lands dominated by wheat, barley, and fruit orchards. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning of agricultural residue. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller workshops and local manufacturing contributes to localised emissions. The city’s position within a valley can exacerbate pollution episodes, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, play a crucial role in pollutant transport and dispersion, but can also carry dust from surrounding arid regions.

Air quality in Shabestar experiences a distinct seasonal cycle. Spring (March-May) often sees a deterioration in air quality due to agricultural burning practices preparing fields for planting, releasing significant particulate matter. Dust storms originating from the arid regions to the west and southwest are also common during this period, exacerbated by strong winds. Summers (June-August) are generally drier with better air quality, as winds help disperse pollutants, though high temperatures can promote ozone formation. However, heatwaves can trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period, with decreasing agricultural activity but increasing use of heating fuels as temperatures drop. This leads to a rise in particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Winter (December-February) is typically the period of poorest air quality. Cold temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Increased reliance on coal and wood for heating, common in this region, significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of agricultural burning in spring. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding outdoor exertion during calm, cold days is advisable. The months of June through August generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.