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Dehāqān, nestled within the Eşfahān Province of Iran at coordinates 31.9386°N, 51.6475°E, is a small city of approximately 16,899 inhabitants. Its location is defined by the central Iranian plateau, a high-altitude desert basin characterized by rugged mountains and expansive plains. The city sits at an elevation of roughly 1,530 meters (5,020 feet), influencing temperature patterns and atmospheric circulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive wheat and barley fields dominating the plains. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through dust from tilling and harvesting, and potential emissions from fertilizer use. The city’s position within a valley can exacerbate air quality issues, as topographical features can trap pollutants, limiting dispersion. While not immediately adjacent to a major body of water, the Zayandeh River, historically a crucial water source for the region, flows nearby, though its flow has been significantly reduced in recent decades, impacting agricultural practices and potentially increasing dust emissions from dried riverbeds. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. The proximity to the larger city of Eşfahān, a significant industrial and transportation hub, also means Dehāqān can experience pollutant transport from regional sources.

Dehāqān experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) brings moderate temperatures and increased agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from field preparation and dust storms. Summer (June-August) is characterized by intense heat and dry conditions, often accompanied by strong winds that can exacerbate dust pollution, particularly from the surrounding plains. This is generally the period of poorest air quality. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall that helps to settle dust. However, temperature inversions become more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) sees cold temperatures and infrequent precipitation. While overall pollutant concentrations may be lower due to reduced agricultural activity, domestic heating using wood and fossil fuels contributes to localized increases in particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during summer dust storms and winter heating seasons. Months of September and October, with moderate temperatures and occasional rainfall, generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants from Eşfahān can impact Dehāqān’s air quality.