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Kelīshād va Sūdarjān is situated within the heart of the Eşfahān Province, nestled upon the expansive, high-altitude central plateau of Iran. This region is defined by a stark, semi-arid landscape where the undulating plains meet the rugged foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The town functions as a critical rural-urban node, characterized by a low-density sprawl that integrates residential clusters with vast agricultural peripheries. Its elevation contributes to a thin atmosphere and intense solar radiation, which accelerates the photochemical reactions that create ground-level ozone. Geographically, the area is flanked by arid stretches and saline flats that are prone to soil erosion, making the town highly susceptible to the influx of mineral dust from the surrounding deserts. There are no major permanent bodies of water in the immediate vicinity to provide a cooling effect or scrub the air, though the regional hydrology is tied to the broader Zayandeh Rud basin. The urban character is a blend of traditional Iranian mud-brick architecture and modern concrete structures, creating a thermal mass that retains heat during the day. The surrounding agricultural zones, while providing a green belt, also contribute to air quality fluctuations through seasonal tilling and the application of fertilizers. This unique positioning—trapped between the moisture-blocking mountains and the dust-generating plains—creates a stagnant atmospheric environment and regional transit corridors where pollutants often linger, particularly during periods of low wind speed and high atmospheric stability.

Air quality in Kelīshād va Sūdarjān follows a rhythmic, seasonal cycle driven by the harsh continental climate of central Iran. During the winter months, the town frequently experiences severe temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler, polluted air near the surface. This phenomenon leads to the accumulation of particulate matter from domestic heating and vehicle exhausts, making January and February the most hazardous periods for those with respiratory conditions. As spring arrives, the region is plagued by the "120-day winds" or similar regional gusts that transport massive quantities of mineral dust from the eastern deserts, causing sudden spikes in PM10 levels. Summer brings intense heat and high ultraviolet radiation, which catalyze the formation of smog and ozone, particularly during the stagnant afternoons of July and August. While the air may seem clear, the invisible chemical pollutants peak during these heatwaves. Autumn provides a brief respite as temperatures drop and wind patterns shift, though this is often interrupted by agricultural burning of crop residues, which releases plumes of organic carbon and smoke into the valley. For sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, the peak of winter and the dust-laden spring are the most critical times to limit outdoor exposure. Utilizing air filtration indoors and wearing masks during dust storms are essential health strategies. The most favorable window for outdoor activity is typically late autumn, when the atmosphere is most stable, fresh, and clear.