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Bandar-e Khamīr, nestled within Hormozgān Province in southwestern Iran, occupies a strategically vital location on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. Its coordinates (26.9533, 55.5853) place it within a predominantly arid and semi-arid landscape, characterized by vast stretches of desert and rugged, volcanic terrain. The city’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 20 meters above sea level, contributing to a stable atmospheric layer that can, at times, trap pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Hormozgan Islands, including Qeshm and Hormoz, known for their unique geological formations and mineral deposits. The proximity to the Persian Gulf influences local weather patterns, bringing humidity and occasional sea breezes, but also potentially introducing saline aerosols into the air. Bandar-e Khamīr’s economy is heavily reliant on petrochemical industries and port activities, forming a significant industrial belt along the coast. This concentration of industrial activity, coupled with the presence of smaller agricultural zones inland cultivating dates and other drought-resistant crops, creates a complex interplay of potential pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the concentrated industrial and residential areas of the city to the sparsely populated desert and agricultural lands, impacting regional air quality dynamics. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Arabian Peninsula, can transport pollutants across considerable distances, further complicating local air quality management. The geological composition of the region, rich in sulfur and other minerals, also contributes to naturally occurring airborne particles.

Bandar-e Khamīr experiences a distinct hot and humid climate, with air quality fluctuations heavily influenced by seasonal meteorological shifts. The warmer months, typically from May to September, are characterized by intense solar radiation and high temperatures, often exceeding 40°C. This leads to increased photochemical smog formation as sunlight drives reactions between pollutants. Calm wind conditions during these months frequently result in temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants and exacerbating air quality concerns. The cooler, drier months (October to April) generally see improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and more frequent atmospheric mixing. However, occasional periods of fog, particularly during November and December, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the ground. Dust storms, originating from the surrounding deserts and the Arabian Peninsula, are a recurring phenomenon, especially during the spring months (March-April), significantly degrading air quality and posing respiratory health risks. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of high heat, fog, and dust storms, limiting outdoor activities and utilizing air filtration systems when available. The industrial activity, particularly during the hotter months when energy demand is high, contributes to elevated levels of industrial emissions, further impacting air quality. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification is crucial throughout the year, but especially during periods of heightened pollution.