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Jāsk, a small coastal city in Hormozgān Province, Iran, occupies a unique and challenging geographic position on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. Situated at approximately 25.65°N, 57.78°E, its terrain is characterized by a low-lying coastal plain gradually rising towards the Zagros Mountains to the east. The city’s immediate surroundings are dominated by arid desert landscapes, punctuated by scattered salt flats and sparse vegetation adapted to the harsh climate. The proximity to the Persian Gulf significantly influences local weather patterns, bringing humidity and occasional sea breezes, but also contributing to the potential for saline dust events. Jāsk’s location within the broader Hormozgān region places it near significant industrial activity, particularly related to oil and gas extraction and processing, as well as petrochemical industries concentrated further inland. While Jāsk itself is a relatively small settlement with a population of around 16,860, it functions as a service hub for surrounding rural communities engaged in date farming and fishing. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the built environment of Jāsk to the expansive desert and agricultural lands. The elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting atmospheric dispersion. The prevailing winds, often influenced by regional pressure systems, can either ventilate the area or trap pollutants, depending on their direction and strength. The surrounding landscape, largely devoid of dense vegetation, offers little natural filtration for airborne particles.

Jāsk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its arid climate and regional meteorological patterns. The warmer months, typically from May to September, are characterized by intense solar radiation and high temperatures, often leading to thermal inversions. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, resulting in periods of stagnant air and elevated particulate matter. Dust storms, originating from the surrounding deserts and potentially exacerbated by industrial activity, are frequent during this period, significantly degrading air quality. The summer months (July and August) are generally the most challenging for outdoor activity. Conversely, the cooler months (October to April) tend to offer improved air quality, although occasional fog events, particularly during the winter, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The Shamal winds, a northwesterly wind common in the Persian Gulf region, often provide a degree of ventilation during these months, dispersing pollutants and improving air quality. However, the strength and consistency of these winds vary considerably. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the warmer months and be mindful of dust storm warnings. Staying indoors during peak pollution events and using air purifiers can provide some relief. Hydration is also crucial, as dry air can irritate the respiratory system. The transitional months of spring and autumn present a mixed picture, with periods of improved air quality interspersed with dust events and occasional temperature inversions.