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Kahnūj, nestled in the Kermān province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within the Lut Desert basin. Located at approximately 27.94° N, 57.70° E and an elevation of roughly 880 meters above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by a semi-arid landscape dominated by desert plains and scattered alluvial fans. The surrounding landscape is starkly beautiful, featuring vast stretches of sand dunes and rocky outcrops typical of the Lut Desert, a UNESCO World Heritage site. This desert environment significantly influences Kahnūj’s air quality. The city sits on the edge of a gradual urban-rural gradient, transitioning from the built environment to agricultural lands primarily used for date palm cultivation and pistachio farming. While industrial activity is limited within Kahnūj itself, it is situated within a region experiencing increasing development, with potential for industrial belts further afield impacting regional air flows. The proximity to the Lut Desert, while visually striking, contributes to a lack of natural moisture and limited vegetation cover, reducing the capacity for natural air purification. The prevailing winds, often originating from the desert, can carry dust and particulate matter into the city. The relatively flat topography, combined with the desert climate, can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, particularly during cooler months. The Jāzān River, though intermittent, provides a minor source of moisture and influences localized microclimates, but its impact on overall air quality is limited.

Kahnūj’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its arid climate and regional weather patterns. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increased wind speeds dispersing pollutants and occasional rainfall washing particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, spring also marks the beginning of dust storm season, originating from the Lut Desert and surrounding regions, which can significantly degrade air quality for short periods. Summer (June-August) is typically characterized by intense heat and stagnant air, often leading to temperature inversions, especially during the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants, resulting in periods of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of ground-level pollutants. Agricultural activities, including irrigation and fertilizer use, can also contribute to localized air pollution during this season. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling and a return of more consistent winds, improving air quality. However, the risk of dust storms persists. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions exacerbate pollution accumulation. Fog, a relatively uncommon but impactful phenomenon, can further trap pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and avoid strenuous exercise during periods of stagnant air or dust storms. Staying indoors with air purifiers and monitoring local weather reports are advisable during these times. Increased vigilance regarding respiratory health is crucial throughout the year, but particularly during the colder months.