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Zarand, nestled in the Kermān Province of Iran at coordinates 30.8108°N, 56.5658°E, occupies a significant position within the central Iranian plateau. The city’s elevation, approximately 1738 meters (5702 feet) above sea level, contributes to a relatively cool, arid climate. Zarand is surrounded by rugged mountainous terrain, part of the broader Zagros mountain range, which influences local wind patterns and can trap pollutants during temperature inversions. The landscape is predominantly desert and semi-desert, with limited vegetation cover. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city relies on groundwater resources and seasonal runoff from the surrounding mountains. Zarand’s economy is historically linked to carpet weaving and, increasingly, to mining activities – particularly copper – in the region. These mining operations, alongside smaller-scale industrial facilities and agricultural practices (primarily orchards and wheat fields in the surrounding valleys), contribute to localized sources of particulate matter and other pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with a concentration of population and activity within the city limits, and more dispersed agricultural and nomadic communities in the surrounding areas. This geographical setting, combined with prevailing wind directions, dictates how pollutants disperse – or become concentrated – within the Zarand basin.

Zarand experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its arid climate and meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often sees moderate pollution levels as thawing snowmelt increases dust and agricultural activities begin, stirring up particulate matter. Winds can be variable, sometimes offering dispersal, other times contributing to dust storms. Summer (June-August) typically presents the clearest air, due to infrequent rainfall and stronger, more consistent winds that help to flush out pollutants. However, high temperatures can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period, with increasing dust from drying vegetation and the onset of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. This is often a period of worsening air quality. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging time for air quality in Zarand. Cold temperatures lead to increased use of fossil fuels for heating, and stable atmospheric conditions – frequent temperature inversions – prevent pollutants from dispersing. Fog can also exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Spring can also pose risks due to dust and pollen. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak heating hours are advisable.