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Feyẕābād, nestled within the Khorāsān-e Raẕavī province of northeastern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position. Situated at coordinates 35.0183°N, 58.7839°E, the city lies on a high plateau, part of the broader Central Iranian Plateau, at an elevation of approximately 1,010 meters (3,313 feet). This elevation contributes to thinner air and potentially greater exposure to solar radiation. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid plains and rugged mountains, notably the Binalud Mountains to the north, which influence local wind patterns. Feyẕābād’s position within a basin-like topography can exacerbate air pollution, trapping pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The city’s relatively small population of 18,120 suggests a less intensely industrialised urban core, but the surrounding agricultural lands, primarily focused on dryland farming of wheat and barley, contribute to particulate matter through dust storms and agricultural practices. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas immediately bordering the city limits. Proximity to larger industrial centres in the Khorasan region, while not immediately adjacent, can contribute to long-range transport of pollutants. The lack of significant surface water bodies nearby means limited natural dispersion of airborne contaminants. This combination of factors creates a unique microclimate influencing air quality.

Feyẕābād experiences a continental climate with significant seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) brings increased dust storms originating from the surrounding arid lands, exacerbated by strong winds, leading to elevated particulate matter. Summers (June-August) are hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly from vehicle emissions and agricultural activities. These conditions are typically worst in July and August. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite with cooler temperatures and increased precipitation, leading to improved air quality, though occasional dust events can still occur. Winter (December-February) sees reduced sunlight and increased reliance on heating, often utilising fossil fuels, contributing to higher concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Fog can also form, trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak pollution periods in summer and winter. Spring dust storms necessitate mask usage. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; periods of calm are generally associated with poorer air quality. November and early December typically offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but vigilance is always advised.