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Neqāb, nestled within the expansive Khorāsān-e Raẕavī province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the northeastern part of the country. Located at coordinates 36.7108° N, 57.4100° E, the city sits amidst a semi-arid landscape characterized by rolling plains and low-lying hills. The terrain is generally flat, gradually rising towards the foothills of the Binalud Mountains to the north, influencing local wind patterns. Neqāb’s elevation, approximately 980 meters above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures compared to lower-lying regions. The city isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though seasonal rivers and streams traverse the surrounding agricultural lands. The regional economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly wheat, barley, and fruit orchards, with some localized industrial activity related to food processing and packaging. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Neqāb serves as a regional hub for surrounding villages and agricultural communities. This proximity to agricultural practices, including potential fertilizer use and crop burning, alongside limited industrial emissions, directly impacts local air quality. Dust storms originating from the Dasht-e Kavir desert to the west are a recurring feature, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. The city’s relatively small size and limited infrastructure contribute to localized pollution hotspots.

Air quality in Neqāb experiences a distinct seasonal cycle. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, though dust storms remain a significant concern, particularly in March and April, driven by prevailing westerly winds. Summer (June-August) brings hot, dry conditions and stable atmospheric layers, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and potential crop residue burning, contribute to increased particulate matter during this period. Autumn (September-November) is generally the most favourable season, with cooler temperatures, increased precipitation, and winds that disperse pollutants. However, the onset of heating fuel use in homes and businesses can begin to elevate levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold temperatures promote temperature inversions, trapping pollutants from domestic heating – primarily wood and coal – and vehicle emissions. Reduced sunlight hours also limit the natural breakdown of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high dust storm activity. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west often bring desert dust.