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Sangān, nestled within the Khorāsān-e Raẕavī province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the northeastern part of the country. Located at coordinates 34.3961° N, 60.2572° E, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,480 meters (4,856 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively cool and dry climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by semi-arid plains and rugged mountainous terrain, part of the broader Alborz mountain range extending eastward. This topography plays a crucial role in air quality, as the mountains can trap pollutants during periods of low wind speed, leading to localized build-up. Sangān’s position isn’t near major bodies of water, increasing the impact of dust storms originating from the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts to the south and east. While not a heavily industrialized hub, the region supports agricultural activity, including wheat and fruit cultivation, with potential for seasonal burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Sangān is a relatively small city, surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas, meaning pollution sources are concentrated, and dispersion is limited. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can transport pollutants from larger urban centres further west, impacting local air quality. Understanding this interplay of terrain, climate, and land use is vital for addressing air pollution challenges in Sangān.

Sangān experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) often sees a deterioration in air quality due to dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts, exacerbated by increased wind speeds and dry conditions. These ‘khamsin’ winds carry particulate matter, impacting respiratory health. Summers (June-August) are typically drier with clearer skies, offering a temporary respite, though high temperatures can promote ground-level ozone formation. However, agricultural burning during harvest season can locally degrade air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings more stable atmospheric conditions and a decrease in dust storms, generally representing the best air quality period. However, temperature inversions can become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winters (December-February) are cold, with occasional snowfall, and often feature stagnant air masses. Heating demands increase, leading to greater emissions from domestic fuel burning, particularly wood and coal, which significantly impacts particulate matter levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during spring dust storms and winter heating seasons. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on days with stagnant air are crucial for protecting health. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally October and November.