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Torbat-e Jām, situated in the Khorāsān-e Raẕavī province of northeastern Iran, occupies a geographically complex position. The city lies at an elevation of approximately 920 meters (3,018 feet) amidst a semi-arid landscape, part of the broader Central Iranian Plateau. This plateau is characterised by rugged mountains, expansive deserts, and intermittent alluvial plains. Torbat-e Jām itself is nestled within a relatively flat basin, bordered by the foothills of the Binalud Mountains to the north and east. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of saffron, pistachios, and wheat, contributing to the region’s economic base. The city’s location, far from major bodies of water like the Caspian Sea, results in a continental climate with limited moisture. While not directly within a major industrial belt, regional cement plants and agricultural processing facilities contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning rapidly to agricultural lands and sparsely populated desert areas. This topography, combined with limited wind dispersal due to the basin setting, exacerbates the potential for pollutant accumulation, impacting air quality. Dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts are a frequent occurrence, further degrading air quality.

Torbat-e Jām experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) sees moderate pollution levels as agricultural burning increases, releasing particulate matter into the air. Winds are often variable, sometimes offering brief periods of dispersal, but temperature inversions can trap pollutants. Summer (June-August) brings the hottest, driest conditions. While industrial activity may slightly decrease, dust storms become prevalent, significantly elevating particulate matter concentrations. These storms, driven by strong regional winds, can severely impact visibility and respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) often presents the most favourable air quality, with cooler temperatures and increased precipitation washing away pollutants. However, the start of the heating season can introduce localised emissions from domestic fuel burning. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Reduced sunlight also limits the natural breakdown of some pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during dust storms and periods of temperature inversion, particularly in winter. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor exposure are June-August due to dust and December-February due to inversion conditions.