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Bandar Emām, nestled in the Khuzestan province of southwestern Iran, occupies a geographically complex position significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately 30.5058° N, 49.0742° E and a modest elevation of around 65 meters, the city lies within the fertile plains bordering the Persian Gulf. This location places it within a region characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the dense industrial belt along the river to agricultural lands supporting date palm cultivation and other crops. The city’s proximity to the Dez River, a vital waterway, provides some localized humidity but also contributes to the potential for stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind. The surrounding landscape is predominantly flat, punctuated by occasional low hills, offering limited topographical relief to disperse pollutants. Khuzestan's climate is arid to semi-arid, with hot summers and mild winters. The region's position within a convergence zone often traps pollutants. Furthermore, Bandar Emām’s location near major petrochemical and refining industries, crucial to Iran’s economy, introduces substantial point sources of air pollution. The prevailing winds, often light and variable, can exacerbate these issues, failing to effectively ventilate the city and allowing pollutants to accumulate. The flat terrain and limited natural barriers contribute to a bowl-like effect, further hindering dispersion and intensifying localized air quality challenges.

Bandar Emām’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and industrial activity. The hot, dry summers (June-August) are typically the most challenging period. Intense solar radiation promotes photochemical smog formation, while minimal rainfall and infrequent wind events lead to pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap emissions close to the ground, worsening conditions. Spring (March-May) offers a slight improvement as winds increase, but dust storms originating from the Arabian Peninsula can significantly degrade air quality, carrying particulate matter over long distances. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual decrease in temperatures and a slight increase in wind frequency, providing some relief. However, industrial activity remains high, contributing to ongoing pollution. Winter (December-February) is generally the most favourable season, with cooler temperatures and more frequent rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, periods of fog, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants and create localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during the summer months and be mindful of dust storm warnings in the spring. During periods of fog in winter, indoor air quality can also be compromised, necessitating ventilation strategies and air purification.