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Hendījān, situated in the Khuzestan province of southwestern Iran, occupies a critical position within the broader Mesopotamian plain. The city’s coordinates (30.2383° N, 49.7075° E) place it in a relatively flat, low-lying terrain, only slightly above sea level. This proximity to the Persian Gulf, approximately 70km to the south, significantly influences the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid and semi-arid plains, punctuated by occasional palm groves and agricultural lands reliant on the Karun River, Iran’s largest river, which flows nearby. Hendījān serves as a regional hub for agriculture, particularly date farming, and increasingly, petrochemical industries linked to the vast oil reserves of Khuzestan. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with the city centre transitioning rapidly into agricultural fields and sparsely populated desert areas. Dust storms originating from the western and southern deserts are a frequent occurrence, exacerbating particulate matter pollution. The flat topography hinders natural dispersion of pollutants, trapping them within the urban basin, especially during periods of temperature inversion. Industrial activity concentrated around the city and along transport corridors contributes to localised emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds, impacting air quality for residents.

Hendījān experiences a harsh climate with significant seasonal variations impacting air quality. Summers (June-August) are intensely hot and dry, with temperatures frequently exceeding 45°C. This heat, combined with low wind speeds, promotes temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and leading to elevated levels of ozone and particulate matter. Dust storms are also common during these months, worsening conditions. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight respite with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, offering temporary improvements in air quality. However, agricultural burning of crop residue can contribute to localised smoke pollution. Winters (December-February) are mild but can be humid, with occasional fog forming due to proximity to the Persian Gulf. While overall pollution levels tend to be lower during winter, humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues. Spring (March-May) is characterised by increasing temperatures and the onset of the Shamal winds, bringing dust and sand from the Arabian Peninsula. These winds significantly degrade air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during summer and spring. Monitoring wind patterns and staying indoors during dust storms is crucial for protecting health.