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Hoveyzeh, a small city nestled in the Khuzestan province of southwestern Iran, occupies a geographically complex and challenging position. Located at approximately 31.46° N, 48.07° E, it sits within the Mesopotamian plain, a low-lying alluvial region formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characterized by fertile agricultural land and expansive wetlands, a legacy of the region’s historical flooding patterns. Hoveyzeh’s proximity to the Iraqi border, just a few kilometers to the east, significantly influences its socio-economic and environmental dynamics. The surrounding landscape is a mix of cultivated fields – primarily date palms, citrus fruits, and grains – and seasonal marshes, which fluctuate dramatically with rainfall and river flow. The city’s elevation is very low, averaging around 10 meters above sea level, contributing to stagnant air conditions and limited dispersion of pollutants. To the north, the Zagros Mountains rise abruptly, creating a barrier that can trap air masses and exacerbate pollution episodes. The presence of nearby oil and gas fields, and associated industrial activity in the broader Khuzestan region, introduces significant sources of air contaminants. The urban–rural gradient around Hoveyzeh is gradual, with agricultural lands seamlessly blending into the city’s periphery, further complicating air quality management due to diffuse pollution sources from farming practices and localized industrial operations. The city’s location within a hot, arid climate zone, combined with its low elevation and geographical constraints, creates a unique set of conditions that profoundly impact its air quality.

Hoveyzeh’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and regional weather patterns. The hot, dry summers (June-August) are typically characterized by intense solar radiation and minimal rainfall, leading to high temperatures and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, resulting in periods of elevated particulate matter and potentially other contaminants. The prevailing winds during this period are often light and variable, further hindering pollutant dispersal. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as temperatures begin to cool and winds become more consistent, though agricultural burning practices can contribute to localized pollution spikes. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cold air masses settle over the region, creating stable atmospheric conditions and frequent fog, which significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants. The combination of low temperatures and stagnant air can lead to prolonged episodes of poor air quality. Spring (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with increased rainfall and stronger winds helping to flush out pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Arabian Peninsula can occasionally impact the city, degrading air quality significantly. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of exposure during burning seasons. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality advisories is crucial for minimizing health risks.