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Dehgolān, nestled within the Kordestān Province of Iran at coordinates 35.2778°N, 47.4175°E, occupies a geographically complex position. The city sits amidst the Zagros Mountains, a region characterised by rugged terrain and significant elevation changes. Dehgolān itself is situated at approximately 1,850 meters (6,070 feet) above sea level, influencing its climate and air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep valleys, rolling hills, and limited flat land, typical of the western Iranian plateau. While no major bodies of water are immediately adjacent, the region is part of the larger watershed feeding into rivers flowing towards the Persian Gulf. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Dehgolān is a relatively small city surrounded by predominantly agricultural land, primarily dry farming and livestock grazing. This agricultural activity, alongside potential dust from the exposed terrain, contributes to particulate matter in the air. The city isn’t located within a major industrial belt, but regional construction and transportation networks, coupled with domestic fuel burning, are key local emission sources. The mountainous topography restricts air flow, creating pockets where pollutants can accumulate, exacerbating air quality challenges. The prevailing winds, often channeled through valleys, can also concentrate pollutants during periods of low atmospheric mixing.

Dehgolān experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its mountainous climate. Spring (March-May) brings increased rainfall, temporarily improving air quality by washing away accumulated dust and pollutants, though increased agricultural activity can offset this. Summers (June-August) are typically dry and hot, with stable atmospheric conditions leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This period often sees a rise in dust storms originating from the surrounding arid regions, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) offers a transitional period with cooler temperatures and moderate winds, generally resulting in improved air quality. However, the onset of heating season with increased reliance on fossil fuels for domestic warmth begins to degrade conditions. Winters (December-February) are cold and often foggy, with frequent temperature inversions. These inversions, combined with increased fuel combustion for heating, lead to the poorest air quality of the year. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of stagnant air. Avoiding outdoor exertion during peak heating hours in winter and being mindful of dust storm warnings in summer are crucial for protecting health. Monitoring local conditions is essential.