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Khomeyn, situated in the Markazi province of Iran at coordinates 33.6422°N, 50.0789°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the central Iranian plateau. The city lies at an elevation of approximately 2,200 meters (7,218 feet), contributing to a relatively cool and dry climate. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid plains and rugged mountains, part of the Alborz mountain range to the north and the Zagros mountains further southwest. Khomeyn isn’t proximate to major bodies of water; the nearest significant water source is Lake Gavkhouni, some distance to the west. The urban character is typical of a regional Iranian city, with a central bazaar and radiating residential areas. While not a major industrial hub, Khomeyn and the surrounding Markazi province support agricultural activities, including wheat, barley, and fruit orchards, and some light manufacturing. This agricultural activity, alongside potential dust storms from the surrounding plains, contributes to particulate matter in the air. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with agricultural lands immediately surrounding the city giving way to more barren, mountainous terrain further afield. This topography can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality issues. The city’s location within a basin-like structure further limits air circulation.

Air quality in Khomeyn experiences distinct seasonal variations. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, though dust storms originating from the western and southern deserts can significantly degrade air quality during this period, particularly in April and May. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions leading to pollutant build-up, especially ozone formation due to intense sunlight and vehicle emissions. August is often the most challenging month. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, the onset of heating systems in November can introduce localised smoke pollution. Winters (December-February) are cold, with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. These inversions, combined with the burning of fossil fuels for heating, lead to elevated levels of particulate matter and other pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and evenings. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak summer heat and dust storm events is also advisable. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial throughout the year.