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Sāveh, nestled within the Markazi Province of Iran, occupies a strategically important position at the foothills of the Alborz Mountains, approximately 150 kilometers southwest of Tehran. Its coordinates (35.0278, 50.3611) place it within a region characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the bustling metropolitan area of Tehran to the more agrarian landscapes of the surrounding countryside. The terrain is predominantly undulating, with elevations ranging from around 1,400 to 1,800 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to a unique microclimate, often experiencing temperature inversions, particularly during the colder months. The city’s proximity to the Qazvin-Karaj highway, a major transportation artery, introduces a significant source of vehicular emissions. Surrounding Sāveh are extensive agricultural zones, primarily dedicated to wheat and barley cultivation, which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution during harvest seasons due to dust and agricultural burning practices. The landscape is a mix of cultivated fields, scattered orchards, and the rugged slopes of the Alborz range, which can both trap pollutants and influence wind patterns. The relative lack of significant bodies of water nearby limits natural air purification processes. The city’s growth has been spurred by its location as a commuter town for Tehran, leading to increased traffic and residential development, further impacting air quality. The surrounding area is largely rural, with small villages and agricultural lands, creating a distinct contrast to the growing urban footprint of Sāveh itself.

Sāveh’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional meteorology. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses frequently settle in the valleys, leading to persistent temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground. Reduced wind speeds during these months exacerbate the problem, limiting atmospheric dispersion. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas to clear fields for planting, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this time. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, helping to disperse pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the central Iranian deserts can occasionally impact air quality. Summers (June-August) are generally the cleanest period, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and stronger winds. However, heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of cooler temperatures and a gradual increase in pollution levels, with agricultural activities resuming and contributing to particulate matter. The months of November and December are particularly concerning due to the combination of temperature inversions and agricultural burning. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and avoid areas near agricultural fields during harvest seasons. Staying indoors with air purifiers and wearing masks when venturing outside can provide some protection during periods of elevated pollution.