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Amīr Kolā, nestled within the Māzandarān Province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Located at coordinates 36.5967° N, 52.6658° E, the city’s terrain is characterised by a relatively low elevation, typical of the Caspian Hyrcanian forests belt, contributing to a humid subtropical climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by lush, forested foothills of the Alborz Mountains, which rise sharply to the south, creating a natural barrier and influencing local wind patterns. Amīr Kolā’s proximity to the Caspian Sea introduces a moderating influence on temperatures, but also contributes to high humidity and potential for fog formation. The city’s urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from residential areas to agricultural lands – primarily rice paddies and orchards – which are prevalent throughout Māzandarān. While not a major industrial hub itself, Amīr Kolā benefits from, and is potentially impacted by, industrial activity concentrated further west towards larger cities like Nowshahr and Babol. This regional industrial presence, combined with agricultural practices like seasonal burning of rice straw, can contribute to localised air pollution events. The city’s location within a valley also increases the risk of pollutant trapping, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions.

Amīr Kolā experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and human activities. Spring (March-May) sees increasing rainfall, which initially improves air quality by washing away accumulated pollutants, but also increases humidity, potentially fostering fungal spores. Summer (June-August) is generally the period of best air quality, benefiting from prevailing winds off the Caspian Sea dispersing pollutants, though high temperatures can promote ozone formation. However, agricultural burning of rice stubble after harvest, a common practice in Māzandarān, can cause significant localised spikes in particulate matter during late summer. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period with decreasing temperatures and increased atmospheric stability, leading to pollutant build-up, especially in the valley. This is often exacerbated by reduced wind speeds. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality. Temperature inversions are frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Reduced sunlight limits photochemical reactions that break down pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during these months. Fog, common in winter, further concentrates pollutants. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor activity are November through February, while June and July generally offer the cleanest air.