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Konārak, nestled within the expansive Sīstān va Balūchestān province of Iran, occupies a geographically challenging and distinctive position. Located at approximately 25.3589° N, 60.3992° E, the city sits on the edge of the Dasht-e Sīstān, a vast, arid plain characterized by shifting sand dunes and limited surface water. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Balūchistan Plateau, a rugged terrain of mountains and desert, contributing to a rain shadow effect that severely limits precipitation. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 800 meters above sea level, which, combined with the flat plain, can exacerbate air stagnation. While Konārak is not directly adjacent to a major river, it lies within the historical watershed of the Helmand River, though its flow is now significantly reduced, impacting local microclimates. The urban fabric is sparse, reflecting the region’s low population density, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards into agricultural fields primarily focused on date palm cultivation and limited rain-fed crops. The proximity to the Pakistan border introduces potential transboundary pollution influences. Industrial activity is limited, primarily consisting of small-scale workshops and agricultural processing, but the prevalence of traditional fuel sources for heating and cooking in surrounding rural communities contributes to localized particulate matter. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west, can carry dust and pollutants across the plain, impacting air quality within Konārak. The overall aridity and limited vegetation cover further reduce the natural capacity for air purification.

Konārak’s air quality is inextricably linked to its harsh climate and regional weather patterns. The dominant characteristic is a pronounced dry season, stretching from late summer through spring, punctuated by occasional dust storms. During these months, particularly October through April, stagnant air conditions are common, often exacerbated by temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. The lack of rainfall means minimal atmospheric cleansing, leading to a build-up of particulate matter, primarily dust and smoke from residential heating. Summer (May-August) brings slightly improved conditions due to increased wind speeds, though intense heat can still contribute to ozone formation. However, the most significant air quality challenges arise from the frequent and intense dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts and the Sīstān Basin. These events, often occurring in late autumn and winter, dramatically reduce visibility and elevate particulate matter concentrations. Fog, though infrequent, can also contribute to air stagnation and pollutant accumulation during cooler periods. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during dust storm events and periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are best avoided during these times. The use of high-quality face masks is recommended when venturing outside. The agricultural practices in the surrounding areas, including burning of crop residues, can also contribute to localized pollution episodes, particularly during harvest season. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is crucial during periods of poor outdoor air quality.