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Sūrān, nestled within the vast Sīstān va Balūchestān province of southeastern Iran, occupies a geographically challenging and historically significant location. Situated at approximately 27.2883° N, 61.9997° E, the city lies within the Sīstān Basin, a depression bordered by the Lut Desert to the east and the Helmand River to the west, which forms part of the Iran–Afghanistan border. The terrain is predominantly arid and semi-arid, characterized by extensive plains and scattered rocky outcrops. Sūrān’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by desert scrub and sparse vegetation, reflecting the harsh climatic conditions. Historically, the city thrived due to its position along ancient trade routes, connecting Persia with Central Asia. Today, the urban character is a blend of traditional mud-brick architecture and more modern construction, reflecting a gradual shift in economic activities. While the Helmand River once provided a vital water source, its diminished flow has significantly impacted the region's ecology and agricultural potential. The urban–rural gradient around Sūrān is sharp, transitioning quickly from the city's limited built environment to expansive desert and agricultural lands, primarily focused on date palm cultivation. The proximity to the Lut Desert, known for its intense heat and dust storms, directly influences Sūrān’s air quality, frequently introducing particulate matter into the atmosphere. Limited industrial activity, primarily related to agriculture and small-scale processing, contributes to localized pollution, while the vast, sparsely populated surrounding area limits overall industrial impact.

Sūrān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its arid climate and regional weather patterns. The dry season, spanning from late spring through autumn, typically witnesses the most challenging conditions. Intense solar radiation and minimal precipitation create a stable atmospheric environment, often leading to temperature inversions, particularly during the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. Dust storms, originating from the Lut Desert and the surrounding plains, are frequent occurrences, significantly elevating particulate matter concentrations. Summer months (June-August) are characterized by extreme heat, which can suppress vertical mixing and further contribute to pollutant accumulation. Conversely, the brief winter months (December-February) offer a slight respite. Cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall can help disperse pollutants, although fog events, common during this period, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-laden particles. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in wind speeds, which can help to ventilate the atmosphere, but dust storm activity remains a concern. The agricultural cycle, with seasonal burning of crop residues, can also contribute to localized air pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during dust storm events and periods of temperature inversion. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate respiratory protection are advisable during these times. Maintaining indoor air quality through filtration can also provide some relief.