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Zehak, nestled within the Sīstān va Balūchestān province of Iran at coordinates 30.8933°N, 61.6789°E, is a small city profoundly shaped by its harsh desert environment. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,480 meters (4,856 feet) amidst the rugged terrain of the Iranian Plateau. This location, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan, places Zehak within a region historically prone to dust storms originating from the Hamun Lake basin and the surrounding deserts. The landscape is dominated by arid plains, rocky outcrops, and sparse vegetation, characteristic of a semi-arid climate. Zehak’s relatively small population of 13,357 suggests a primarily rural character, though it serves as a local hub. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, transitioning quickly to vast, sparsely populated desert areas. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the historical presence of the Hamun Lake – now significantly diminished – profoundly influences regional wind patterns and dust mobilization. Limited industrial activity is present, with agriculture (primarily livestock raising and small-scale farming) being the dominant economic sector. This agricultural practice, combined with the arid conditions, contributes to particulate matter in the air, exacerbated by wind erosion of exposed soil. The city’s geographical isolation and prevailing wind directions concentrate pollutants, impacting local air quality.

Zehak experiences a stark seasonal air quality narrative dictated by its desert climate. Spring (March-May) brings a temporary respite as occasional rainfall dampens dust, but strong winds can still mobilize particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is typically the worst period. Intense heat creates strong convective currents, lifting dust and sand from the desiccated landscape, and temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. The lack of rainfall means these pollutants linger. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and the chance of rainfall increases, though dust storms remain a threat. Winter (December-February) offers the cleanest air, with colder temperatures reducing dust mobilization and increased precipitation washing away pollutants. However, increased use of solid fuels for heating can locally elevate particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid strenuous outdoor activity during the summer months and periods of high wind. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west and northwest are most likely to carry dust from the depleted Hamun Lake basin. Staying indoors with windows closed during dust storms is vital, and wearing masks (N95 or equivalent) offers additional protection.