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Malārd is a city situated in Tehran Province, Iran, approximately 40 kilometres west of Tehran, positioned within the broader Tehran metropolitan region. It lies on the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range, at an elevation of around 1,100 metres above sea level, which significantly influences its air quality dynamics. The city is characterised by an urban–rural gradient, transitioning from dense residential areas to surrounding agricultural zones, primarily dedicated to fruit orchards and crop cultivation. Malārd's location in the Tehran–Karaj plain places it within an industrial belt that extends westward from Tehran, contributing to regional pollution through manufacturing, transportation, and energy production. Proximity to the Alborz mountains creates a topographical basin effect, trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions, particularly during temperature inversions. The absence of major bodies of water nearby limits natural cleansing mechanisms, while seasonal winds from the west and north-west can occasionally disperse pollutants, though often insufficiently. Urban expansion has encroached on agricultural lands, altering local microclimates and increasing particulate matter from construction and vehicular emissions. This geographical setting, combined with its role as a satellite city to Tehran, exacerbates air quality challenges, making Malārd vulnerable to both local and transboundary pollution sources.

In Malārd, air quality varies seasonally due to meteorological and anthropogenic factors. During winter, from December to February, pollution peaks as temperature inversions trap pollutants near the surface, compounded by increased heating emissions and low wind speeds, creating hazardous conditions; sensitive groups should limit outdoor activities, especially on calm, cold days. Spring, from March to May, sees gradual improvement with rising temperatures and occasional rainfall that helps cleanse the air, though dust storms from western regions can temporarily elevate particulate levels, making late spring favourable for outdoor pursuits. Summer, from June to August, experiences moderate pollution due to higher temperatures and stronger winds that disperse pollutants, but ozone formation may increase on hot, sunny days, advising avoidance of strenuous activities during peak sunlight hours. Autumn, from September to November, marks a transition with cooling temperatures and reduced wind activity, leading to a gradual buildup of pollutants, particularly in late autumn; this period requires vigilance for respiratory health. Throughout the year, monitoring local air quality indices and planning activities during midday when dispersion is better can mitigate exposure risks for all residents.