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Shahr-e Herāt, nestled within the Yazd province of Iran at coordinates 30.0547°N, 54.3717°E, occupies a significant position in the country’s western landscape. The city’s elevation, approximately 1,350 meters (4,429 feet) above sea level, contributes to a relatively arid climate and influences air dispersion patterns. Herāt is situated within a broad valley, bordered by the rugged mountains of the central Iranian plateau to the east and north, and extending towards the more open plains to the west. This topography can trap pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly semi-arid steppe, transitioning to agricultural lands along the river valleys. The Hari River, historically vital to the region, flows nearby, though its water levels are subject to seasonal fluctuations. While not a major industrial hub, Herāt supports local industries including food processing and handicrafts, and experiences agricultural activity – both potential sources of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable increase in dust and emissions as one approaches the city centre. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west and northwest, carry dust from the surrounding deserts, impacting air quality. This geographical setting dictates the city’s unique air quality challenges.

Air quality in Shahr-e Herāt exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated dust, but agricultural burning begins, introducing smoke and particulate matter. Summers (June-August) are typically the hottest and driest, with strong winds exacerbating dust storms originating from the western deserts, leading to elevated levels of particulate pollution. Temperature inversions, common during the calm summer nights, trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual cooling and a decrease in dust storms, offering a period of relatively cleaner air, though domestic heating begins to contribute to localised pollution. Winters (December-February) are cold and dry, with increased reliance on fossil fuels for heating, particularly in residential areas. This leads to a rise in sulfur dioxide and particulate matter concentrations. January and February are generally the months with the poorest air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these periods. Avoiding strenuous exercise outdoors during peak pollution times, and using air purifiers indoors, are recommended. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial throughout the year.