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Al Jabāyish, situated in Iraq’s Dhī Qār Governorate, occupies a critical position within the Mesopotamian plains. Located at coordinates 30.9549, 46.9751, the city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the alluvial landscape formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. While not directly on the rivers themselves, Al Jabāyish benefits from their influence on the regional water table and agricultural potential. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid and semi-arid grasslands, transitioning into desert further west. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Historically, the area has been intensely farmed, with date palm cultivation being particularly prominent. This agricultural activity, alongside potential upstream industrial activity along the rivers, introduces sources of particulate matter and agricultural chemicals. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands immediately surrounding the city giving way to more sparsely populated desert regions. This proximity to agricultural zones, combined with the flat topography and limited wind corridors, creates conditions conducive to localised air pollution build-up. Dust storms, a frequent occurrence in Iraq, significantly impact air quality, depositing large quantities of particulate matter. The city’s growth, while modest with a population of 36,100, is increasing demand for energy and transportation, further contributing to emissions.

Al Jabāyish experiences a harsh desert climate, dictating a strong seasonal pattern in air quality. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and dry conditions, exacerbating dust suspension and increasing ozone formation due to higher temperatures and sunlight. This period often sees the poorest air quality, particularly during regional dust storms originating from western deserts. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall helping to settle dust. However, agricultural burning of crop residue after harvest can lead to localised spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is relatively mild, but temperature inversions – where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the surface – are common, concentrating pollutants. Rainfall is infrequent, offering limited cleansing. Spring (March-May) is characterised by increasing temperatures and the potential for khamsin winds, bringing further dust from the Arabian Peninsula. These winds, combined with agricultural activity, can create challenging air quality conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during summer and spring. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak dust storm periods is crucial. Staying indoors with windows closed and using air purifiers can provide relief during periods of poor air quality.