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Qal‘at Sukkar, situated in Iraq’s Dhī Qār Governorate, occupies a critical position within the Mesopotamian plains. Located at coordinates 31.8632°N, 46.0732°E, the city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the alluvial landscape formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. While not directly on the rivers themselves, Qal‘at Sukkar benefits from their influence on the regional climate and agricultural potential. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid and semi-arid steppe, transitioning into desert further west. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to potential temperature inversions that trap pollutants. Historically, the area has been intensely agricultural, with date palm cultivation being particularly prominent. However, modern development and potential industrial activity related to oil extraction in the region pose emerging air quality concerns. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands immediately surrounding the city giving way to more sparsely populated desert areas. Dust storms, a frequent occurrence in Iraq, significantly impact air quality, originating from the western deserts and exacerbated by land degradation and reduced vegetation cover. The city’s location within a major agricultural zone also means seasonal burning of crop residue can contribute to localised pollution episodes. This combination of factors creates a unique air quality profile.

Qal‘at Sukkar experiences a harsh desert climate, with significant seasonal variations in air quality. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and dry conditions, often accompanied by dust storms originating from the western deserts. These storms dramatically increase particulate matter concentrations, posing a respiratory health risk. While temperatures are high, wind speeds can be considerable, dispersing some pollutants, but also lifting more dust. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite, with cooler temperatures and reduced dust activity, making it the most favourable period for outdoor activities. However, the burning of agricultural residue after the harvest can lead to localised spikes in particulate matter and other pollutants. Winter (December-February) sees cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, which can temporarily improve air quality by suppressing dust. However, temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) is a transitional period, with increasing temperatures and the return of dust storms. March and April are particularly problematic, as dust storms are frequent and intense. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during dust storm events and periods of high agricultural burning, particularly in autumn. Monitoring wind patterns and staying indoors during peak pollution times is crucial.