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Kefar Sava, nestled in the heart of Israel’s Central District, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Sharon Plain. Its coordinates (32.1858, 34.9077) place it within a relatively low-lying area, averaging around 120 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s urban fabric is characterized by a mix of residential areas, light industrial zones, and commercial districts, reflecting its role as a regional hub. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of crops and orchards stretching outwards, a legacy of the area’s historical importance as a fertile agricultural region. To the west lies the Mediterranean Sea, approximately 25 kilometers away, influencing local weather patterns and potentially impacting air quality through sea breezes and occasional salt spray. Eastward, the terrain gradually rises towards the Judean Hills, creating a barrier that can sometimes impede the dispersion of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Kefar Sava is relatively smooth, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. Significant industrial activity is concentrated further north in areas like Petah Tikva, but Kefar Sava itself hosts smaller manufacturing and processing facilities. This combination of agricultural activity, moderate industrial presence, and proximity to larger urban centers creates a complex interplay of factors influencing the city’s air quality, particularly concerning particulate matter and volatile organic compounds from agricultural practices and vehicle emissions.

Kefar Sava’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Israel’s Mediterranean climate. Winters (November to March) are typically the most challenging period. Cooler temperatures and increased humidity often lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, hindering the vertical mixing of pollutants. This phenomenon, coupled with occasional rainfall, can result in elevated levels of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Spring (April to May) brings a gradual improvement as winds increase and temperatures rise, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding fields to clear land for planting, can temporarily degrade air quality during this period. Summer (June to September) generally sees the best air quality due to strong, consistent winds from the Mediterranean Sea, effectively flushing out pollutants. The dry heat, however, can exacerbate ozone formation, particularly during stagnant air days. Autumn (October) marks a transitional period, with decreasing wind speeds and increasing humidity, leading to a gradual decline in air quality as winter approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with visible haze or reduced visibility. During spring, monitoring local agricultural practices and avoiding areas with smoke is advisable. While summer generally offers cleaner air, midday heat can still pose a challenge for those sensitive to ozone.