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Capoterra, nestled in the southern part of Sardinia, Italy, occupies a geographically significant position within the Campidano plain, a vast sedimentary basin characterized by relatively flat terrain. Its coordinates (39.1752, 8.9709) place it approximately 10 kilometers inland from the Gulf of Cagliari, offering a moderate maritime influence. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to vineyards and olive groves, and gently rolling hills. The urban fabric of Capoterra is relatively modern, largely developed in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in a planned layout with residential areas interspersed with industrial zones and commercial districts. The city’s elevation averages around 50 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather. The proximity to Cagliari, Sardinia’s largest city, introduces a degree of urban sprawl and potential for transboundary pollution. The Campidano plain’s expansive nature, while generally promoting air dispersion, can also trap pollutants under specific meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities immediately bordering residential areas, potentially introducing localized emissions from farming practices. The geological composition of the area, largely composed of alluvial deposits, influences drainage patterns and can impact the deposition of particulate matter. The Mediterranean climate, with its hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, plays a crucial role in shaping the local microclimate and influencing air quality dynamics.

Capoterra’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the Mediterranean climate. Summer, spanning June to August, typically presents the greatest challenge. High temperatures and prolonged periods of anticyclonic conditions lead to atmospheric stability and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Reduced wind speeds during these months further exacerbate the issue, limiting the natural dispersion of emissions from local traffic and industrial activity. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer improved air quality, with more frequent wind events aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, occasional stagnant periods can still occur. Winter (November-March) brings increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, but can also lead to increased humidity and fog, potentially trapping pollutants in localized areas. The agricultural cycle also influences air quality; burning of agricultural residues, though regulated, can contribute to localized pollution episodes, particularly in the autumn months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and pollution periods. Increased vigilance is also advised during periods of fog or mist in winter. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor exposure throughout the year. The dry, hot summers necessitate increased hydration and respiratory protection for vulnerable populations.