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Olbia, situated on the northeastern coast of Sardinia, Italy, occupies a strategically important position within the Costa Smeralda region. The city’s geography is defined by its coastal location on the Golfo di Olbia, a sheltered bay providing natural harbour access. The terrain surrounding Olbia is a mix of coastal plains and gently sloping hills, rising towards the Supramonte mountain range to the east. This proximity to the mountains creates a funnel effect, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Olbia’s urban character is a blend of historic architecture within the old town and modern development reflecting its role as a major tourist hub and port. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by Mediterranean scrubland (macchia), interspersed with agricultural areas cultivating olives, citrus fruits, and vineyards. A gradual urban-rural gradient extends outwards from the city, transitioning to more extensive agricultural lands and eventually the rugged terrain of the Supramonte. The port of Olbia is a significant factor, handling both passenger and freight traffic, which contributes to localized emissions. While there are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Olbia, the broader Sardinia region has mining activities and industrial zones further inland, whose impact can be felt through long-range transport of pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating air pollutants, influenced by the island’s topography and the surrounding sea.

Olbia’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by its Mediterranean climate. Summer, lasting from June to August, typically sees the highest temperatures and calmest wind conditions. This often leads to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Vehicle traffic, intensified by tourism, contributes significantly during this period. August, in particular, experiences peak visitor numbers, exacerbating the issue. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and more frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanses the atmosphere. Winter (November-March) brings cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, but can also feature periods of stagnant air, especially when high-pressure systems dominate. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting strenuous outdoor activities during the hottest part of the day. The agricultural sector, particularly during harvest season, can contribute to localized emissions from machinery and burning practices, impacting air quality in surrounding rural areas. While Olbia benefits from sea breezes, their effectiveness in dispersing pollutants is variable and dependent on wind direction and strength. Overall, the shoulder seasons of spring and autumn provide the most favourable conditions for outdoor recreation and reduced exposure to potential air quality concerns.