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Oristano, nestled on the western coast of Sardinia, Italy, occupies a geographically significant position within the Campidano plain, a vast sedimentary basin dominating the island’s southwest. Its coordinates (39.9058, 8.5916) place it relatively close to the Gulf of Oristano, influencing local microclimates and sea breezes. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Campidano, with gentle undulations towards the surrounding hills and the Montiferru mountain range to the north. This flat topography, while facilitating urban expansion, can also contribute to the stagnation of air pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily dedicated to cereal cultivation, vineyards, and olive groves – and extensive wetlands, notably the Cabras lagoon, a vital ecosystem and bird sanctuary. The urban–rural gradient around Oristano is gradual, with smaller agricultural villages and scattered rural settlements blending into the city’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Oristano; however, Cagliari, Sardinia’s largest city and industrial hub, lies approximately 80km to the southeast, potentially influencing regional air quality patterns through long-range transport of pollutants. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea moderates temperatures, but also introduces marine aerosols and salt, which can interact with pollutants in the atmosphere. The Campidano plain’s generally dry climate, coupled with the flat terrain, creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability.

Oristano’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, characterized by high-pressure systems that inhibit vertical mixing and trap pollutants near the ground. This often leads to periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves, where particulate matter and ozone can build up. Sea breezes offer some respite, but their effectiveness is limited by the strength of the high-pressure system. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift, with increased rainfall and more frequent wind events, which help to disperse pollutants, generally improving air quality. Winter (December-February) is the wettest season, with rainfall washing away some pollutants and stronger winds promoting better ventilation. However, temperature inversions, common during clear, cold nights, can trap pollutants in a layer close to the ground, leading to localized episodes of poor air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a return to drier conditions, and the potential for increased pollen levels, which can exacerbate respiratory issues. The months of July and August are generally those to avoid for prolonged outdoor activity, especially for children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. During these periods, limiting strenuous activity and staying indoors during peak heat hours is advisable. Conversely, the wetter months of October and November typically offer the best air quality, though vigilance is still needed during periods of temperature inversion. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.